URBAN GREEN AND RESILIENCE: AN EXPLORATION IN CÓRDOBA, FORTÍN AND AMATLÁN, VERACRUZ, MEXICO

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20983/decumanus.2022.2.6

Keywords:

Urban green, resilience, endowment, distance, global warming

Abstract

This article shows the amount and location of Urban Green (VU) in Amatlán, Córdoba and Fortín, Veracruz, Mexico, in the context of urban resilience to global warming. The objectives of this work are: 1) to know the situation of this resource in terms of its availability (endowment) by present area; 2) measure the distances that separate the green from the population; and 3) determine the population served through the Public Urban Green (VUP) and Urban Green in general (VU-NDVI), as well as contrast with the endowment and distance recommendations of the Secretariat of Agrarian, Territorial and Urban Development (SEDATU).. The working hypotheses are: a) Fortn, Córdoba and Amatlán have a VUP allocation below that recommended by the WHO, but have the possibility of higher allocations, considering the VU-NDVI; and b) Fortín, Córdoba and Amatlán have a VUP system at a maximum distance of 400 meters from each block, and contain VU-NDVI areas at smaller distances. With census and cartographic data, satellite image processing, use of Geographic Information Systems, field verification of the data, and statistical analysis, the amount of VUP and VU-NDVI, the green area endowments per inhabitant, and the distances that separate the two types of green in the population. The results showed, on the one hand, that the allocation of VUP per inhabitant is below the WHO recommendations, but not the VU-NDVI and, on the other hand, that the VUP exceeds the maximum distance recommended by SEDATU, but not thus the VU-NDVI. Finally, it is pointed out that, although the majority of the population is served with VUP in accordance with SEDATU (although with very varied surfaces), the VU-NDVI serves 100% of it. The results show the potential of the latter to increase the share of green in cities such as those analyzed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Rafael A. Muñoz-Márquez T., Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Córdoba

Full Professor, of the College of Postgraduates (ColPos). Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Landscape Planning, from the Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Canada; Master in Valuation, from the University of Guadalajara; Master of Science from the College of Postgraduates; Landscape Architect from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He also holds a diploma in Geomatics from the Geo Center, and has taken training in Geographic Information Systems at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. He is attached to the postgraduate program in Landscape and Rural Tourism, of the College of Postgraduates, Campus Córdoba, where he is a full professor of the courses: Principles of Landscape; Territorial Planning, and Cultural Heritage. He is also a professor at the Faculty of Architecture of the Universidad Veracruzana-Córdoba, where he teaches the class: "Landscape Architecture". He has published on issues of Patrimonial Landscapes, Rural Landscape, Green Infrastructure, Ecotourism, among others, his main area of ​​work being the Region of the High Mountains of Veracruz. He has directed and/or is directing eleven master's theses (Landscape and Rural Tourism and Landscape Architecture) and five undergraduate degrees in architecture. He is a member of the National System of Reaerchers, in ten Candidato category. His research interests focus on Rural and Urban Landscape Design, Heritage Landscapes, Landscape Valuation and Green Infrastructure.

 

Juan V. Hidalgo-Contreras, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Córdoba

Professor Hidalgo finished his degree in 1998 with the title of Agroindustrial Engineer from the Autonomous University of Chapingo (UACh). He studied the Master of Science in Applied Statistics from the Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), obtaining his undergraduate diploma in January 2003. Later, in August 2014, he obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the area of ​​Biometrics by part of the University of Nebraska (UNL), United States of America. He has extensive experience in the food industry, in both national companies (Dairy Technology Unit, Alpura) and transnational companies (Cargill de México-Sugar Division) in the areas of: Processes, Quality Management Systems and Food Safety . Since July 2006, he has been working at the Colegio de Postgraduados as a Research Academician in the areas of Statistical Methods, Multivariate Statistics, Design of Experiments and Statistical Quality Control. He actively participates as a counselor and advisor to graduate students. He is the author of scientific articles and co-author of around 45 articles. He has participated in national conferences and has served as a referee for scientific articles in JCR and CONACyT magazines. He teaches and collaborates in statistical master's courses. He is a member of two Academic Nuclei (NA) in postgraduate master's degrees from the Colegio de Postgraduados, registered with CONACYT. He has been an instructor in refresher courses for teachers at Technological Institutes. He is a member of the National System of Researchers in the candidate category.

 

References

Arboit, M. (2017). Estimación del índice de vegetación en entornos urbanos forestados consolidados de baja densidad del Area Metropolitana de Mendoza, Argentina. Cuaderno Urbano. Espacio, cultura y sociedad, 23(23), 33-60.

Arellano Ramos, B., y Roca Cladera, J. (2018). Áreas verdes e isla de calor urbana. En Libro de proceedings, CTV 2018. XII Congreso Internacional Ciudad y Territorio Virtual. “Ciudades y Territorios Inteligentes”. Mendoza, 5-7 septiembre 2018. Centre de Politica de Sol i Valoracions, CPSV / Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, UPC. https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2117/132274

Aznar-Bellver, J., y Estruch-Guitart, A. V. (2015). Valoración de activos ambientales. Teoría y casos. Universitat Politécnica de Valencia.

Barba, E. (2022, abril 1). Belleza y utilidad de las hierbas urbanas, plantas espontáneas que siempre están presentes | Madrid | El País. https://elpais.com/espana/madrid/2022-04-02/belleza-y-utilidad-de-las-hierbas-urbanas-plantas-espontaneas-que-siempre-estan-presentes.html

Baycan-levent, T., Leeuwen, E. V., Rodenburg, C., y Nijkamp, P. (2002). Development and management of green spaces in European cities: A comparative analysis. Universidad de Vrije.

Benedict, M., A., y McMahon, E. (2006). Green infrastructure.Linking landscapes and communities. Island Press.

Bertram, C., y Rehdanz, K. (2015). Preferences for cultural urban ecosystem services: Comparing attitudes, perception, and use. Ecosystem Services, 12, 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.011

Bollo Manent, M., Martín Morales, G., Martínez Serrano, A., Bollo Manent, M., Martín Morales, G., y Martínez Serrano, A. (2022). Las áreas verdes en la ciudad de Morelia, Michoacán. México. Investigaciones geográficas, 107. https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.60494

Casaus, M. A. (2018). Deconstruyendo la resiliencia urbana. OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 13(3), 229-255. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2018.13.1.09

Cerrillo, G. T., y Sangalli, P. (2021). La infraestructura azul y la estrategia de adaptación y mitigación ante el cambio climático en el ámbito urbano. El caso de Bakio (Bizkaia). Revista Montes, 144, 16-20.

Chuvieco, E. (2000). Fundamentos de teledetección espacial. Rialp.

City Resilience Index (2022). City Resilience Index. https://cityresilienceindex.org/#/

Clément, G. (2018). Manifiesto del Tercer Paisaje. Gustavo Gili.

Congedo, L. (2021). Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin: A Python tool for the download and processing of remote sensing images in QGIS. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(64), 3172. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03172

Dahl, B., y Molnar, D. J. (2003). Anatomy of a Park: Essentials of Recreation Area Planning and Design. Waveland Press.

Dantas, G. S., Nagy, I. R., y Nogueira, P. B. (2022). Implementation of Green Infrastructure in Existing Urban Structures: Tracking Changes in Ferencváros, Budapest. Land, 11(5), 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050644

De Sousa, C. A. (2004). The greening of brownfields in American cities. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 47(4), 579-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964056042000243249

English Nature (2003). Accessible Natural Green Space Standards in Towns and Cities: A Review and Toolkit for their Implementation-ENRR526. Natural England-Access to Evidence. http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/65021

Gobierno de México (2016). Guía de Resiliencia Urbana. ONU-Habitat.

Flores, X. R. (2017). Una reflexión teórica sobre estándares de áreas verdes empleados en la planificación urbana. Economía Sociedad y Territorio, 491-522. https://doi.org/10.22136/est002017682

Gobierno del Distrito Federal (2000). Ley ambiental de protección a la tierra en el Distrito Federal.

Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz (2020a). Cuadernillos Municipales 2020. Amatlán de los Reyes. http://ceieg.veracruz.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2020/12/Amatl%C3%A1n-de-los-Reyes_2020.pdf

Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz (2020b). Cuadernillos Municipales 2020. Córdoba. http://ceieg.veracruz.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2020/12/C%C3%B3rdoba_2020.Pdf

Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz (2020c). Cuadernillos Municipales 2020. Fortín. http://ceieg.veracruz.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2020/12/Fort%C3%ADn_2020.Pdf

Harnik, P. (2010). Urban Green. Island Press.

Herrera Correa, V. M., Romo Aguilar, M. de L., Herrera Correa, V. M., y Romo Aguilar, M. de L. (2021). La distribución de las áreas verdes públicas en relación con las características socioeconómicas de la población en Ciudad Juárez, México. Acta universitaria, 31. https://doi.org/10.15174/au.2021.3101

INEGI (2020). Marco Geoestadístico. Censo de Población y VIvienda 2020. https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/biblioteca/ficha.html?upc=889463807469

INEGI. (2022). Datos abiertos. https://www.inegi.org.mx/datosabiertos/

Jaramillo, S. V. V., Castillo, M., y Alvarado, L. (2022). El verde urbano público.: Dotación, Distribución y Accesibilidad. Caso de estudio Loja – Ecuador. PENSUM, 8(8), 55-71.

Maldonado-Bernabé, G., Chacalo-Hilu, A., Nava-Bolaños, I., Meza-Paredes, R. M., y Zaragoza-Hernández., A. Y. (2019). Cambios en la superficie de áreas verdes urbanas en dos alcaldías de la ciudad de México entre 1990-2015. Polibotánica, 48, 205-230. https://doi.org/10.18387/polibotanica.48.15

Martínez-Valdés, V., Rivera, E. S., y Gaudiano, E. J. G. (2020). Parques urbanos: Un enfoque para su estudio como espacio público. Intersticios Sociales, 19, 67-86. https://doi.org/10.55555/IS.19.277

Mexia, T., Vieira, J., Príncipe, A., Anjos, A., Silva, P., Lopes, N., Freitas, C., Santos-Reis, M., Correia, O., Branquinho, C., y Pinho, P. (2018). Ecosystem services: Urban parks under a magnifying glass. Environmental Research, 160, 469-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.023

Moncada, M., O., y Meza, A., M. (2010). Las áreas verdes de la ciudad de México. Un reto actual. Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 14(1).

Ngulani, T., y Shackleton, C. M. (2019). Use of public urban green spaces for spiritual services in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Urban Forestry y Urban Greening, 38, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.11.009

Ojeda-Revah, L. (2021). Equidad en el acceso a las áreas verdes urbanas en México: Revisión de literatura. Sociedad y Ambiente, 24, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.31840/sya.vi24.2341

Omar, N. A., y Saeed, E. H. (2019). Urban voids as potential resources for the city development. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 47(5), 585-600. https://doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2019.109853

ONU (2022). Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Objetivo 11: Lograr que las ciudades sean más inclusivas, seguras, resilientes y sostenibles. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/cities/

ONU-Habitat (2022). Ciudades Resilientes. https://onuhabitat.org.mx/index.php/ciudades-resilientes.

Palomo, P. J. S. (2003). La planificación verde en las ciudades. Gustavo Gili.

Pérez-Medina, S., & López-Falfán, I. (2015). Áreas verdes y arbolado en Mérida, Yucatán. Hacia una sostenibilidad urbana. Economía Sociedad y Territorio, 15(47), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.22136/est002015552

Pérez-Ventana, A. (2021, mayo 25). Por qué las llamamos “malas hierbas” si son fundamentales para la regeneración urbana. El País. https://elpais.com/icon-design/arquitectura/2021-05-25/por-que-las-llamamos-malas-hierbas-si-son-fundamentales-para-la-regeneracion-urbana.html

QGIS.org (2022). QGIS Geographic Information System. QGIS Association.

Rangel, M. G., y Aquino, M. L. B. (2022). Percepción de servicios ecosistémicos de parque urbanos en Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México. Espacio I+D, Innovación más desarrollo, 11(30), Article 30. https://doi.org/10.31644/IMASD.30.2022.a07

Reu Junqueira, J., Serrao-Neumann, S., y White, I. (2021). Chapter 15-Managing urban climate change risks: Prospects for using green infrastructure to increase urban resilience to floods. En T. M. Letcher (Ed.), The Impacts of Climate Change (pp. 379-396). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822373-4.00013-6

Reyes Päcke, S., y Figueroa Aldunce, I. M. (2010). Distribución, superficie y accesibilidad de las áreas verdes en Santiago de Chile. EURE, 36(109), 89-110. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612010000300004

Riechers, M., Barkmann, J., y Tscharntke, T. (2016). Perceptions of cultural ecosystem services from urban green. Ecosystem Services, 17, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.007

Ríos, P., Roxana. (2011). Espacios abiertos informales. Factores condicionantes de usos y cualidades ambientales informales, estrategias de reutilización y criterios de diseño sustentable para la intervención en espacios abiertos informales. Caso de estudio: Pudahuel Urbano. [Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile]. https://estudiosurbanos.uc.cl/exalumnos/espacios-abiertos-informales-factores-condicionantes-de-usos-y-cualidades-ambientales-informales-estrategias-de-reutilizacion-y-criterios-de-diseno-sustentable-para-la-intervencion-en-espacios-abier/

Rivera-Hernández, J. E. R., Muñoz-Márquez, T. R. A., Vargas-Rueda, A., Alcántara-Salinas, G., Real-Luna, N., y Sánchez-Páez, R. (2019). Flora, vegetación y paisaje de la región de las altas montañas de Veracruz, México, elementos importantes para el turismo de naturaleza. Agro Productividad, 12(12), Article 12. https://revista-agroproductividad.org/index.php/agroproductividad/article/view/1460

Rodríguez, M. I., Cuevas, M. M., Huertas, F., Martínez, G., y Moreno, B. (2015). Indicators to evaluate water sensitive urban design in urban planning. En C. A. Brebbia (Ed.), WIT Transactions on The Built Environment (1.a ed., Vol. 1, pp. 371-382). WIT Press. https://doi.org/10.2495/SD150321

Sahagún Sánchez, F. J., Aceves Sánchez, J., Sánchez Romero, E., Plazola Zamora, L., Sahagún Sánchez, F. J., Aceves Sánchez, J., Sánchez Romero, E., y Plazola Zamora, L. (2020). Valoración de los servicios ecosistémicos en áreas verdes. El caso del Parque Metropolitano de Guadalajara, México. Acta universitaria, 30. https://doi.org/10.15174/au.2020.2635

SEDATU (2022). NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-001-SEDATU-2021, Espacios públicos en los asentamientos humanos. http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5643417&fecha=22/02/2022

SEDEMA (2016). Las áreas verdes urbanas y tú. Gobierno de la ciudad de México. http://www.sadsma.cdmx.gob.mx:9000/datos/storage/app/media/docpub/sedema/sedema_2016_areas-verdes.pdf

Simonetti, E., Simonetti, D., y Preatoni, D. (2014, octubre 16). Phenology-based land cover classification using Landsat 8 time series. JRC Publications Repository. https://doi.org/10.2788/15561

Sorensen, M., Barzetti, V., Keipi, K., y Williams, J. (1998). Manejo de las áreas verdes urbanas. Inter-American Development Bank.

Tarrazó, A., y María, N. (2021). Estrategias de mejora de la infraestructura verde en el barrio de Benicalap (Valencia) [Proyecto/Trabajo fin de carrera/grado, Universitat Politècnica de València]. https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/178780

Tejeda, M. A., del Valle, C., Beatriz, Welsh, R., Carlos M., Ochoa, M., Carolina A., y Méndez, P., Irving R. (2020). Veracruz, una década ante el cambio climático. Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz. https://www.uv.mx/peccuv/files/2020/07/Veracruz-una-decada-ante-el-cambio-climatico.pdf

Valdez, A. T. (2021). El golpe de la injusticia distributiva de las áreas verdes a las poblaciones menos favorecidas en el contexto del Covid-19. Revista Kawsaypacha: sociedad y medio ambiente, 7, 83-91. https://doi.org/10.18800/kawsaypacha.202101.005

Vásquez, A. E. (2016). Infraestructura verde, servicios ecosistémicos y sus aportes para enfrentar el cambio climático en ciudades: El caso del corredor ribereño del río Mapocho en Santiago de Chile. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, 63, 63-86. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022016000100005

Walker, F. B., Fernández, P. W., y Freitas, J. M. (2007). Modelo de cálculo de áreas verdes en planificación urbana desde la densidad habitacional. Urbano, 97-101.

Wang, S., Wang, M., y Liu, Y. (2021). Access to urban parks: Comparing spatial accessibility measures using three GIS-based approaches. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 90, 101713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101713

Wang, X.-J. (2009). Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China. Journal of Forestry Research, 20(1), 79-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-009-0014-2

Ward, S., Staddon, C., De Vito, L., Zuniga-Teran, A., Gerlak, A. K., Schoeman, Y., Hart, A., y Booth, G. (2019). Embedding social inclusiveness and appropriateness in engineering assessment of green infrastructure to enhance urban resilience. Urban Water Journal, 16(1), 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2019.1633674

Weier, J., y Herring, D. (2000, agosto 30). Measuring Vegetation (NDVI y EVI) [Text.Article]. NASA Earth Observatory.https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/MeasuringVegetation/measuring_vegetation_1.php

Xiao, Y., Wang, D., y Fang, J. (2019). Exploring the disparities in park access through mobile phone data: Evidence from Shanghai, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 181, 8091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.09.013

Zuniga-Teran, A. A., Gerlak, A. K., Mayer, B., Evans, T. P., y Lansey, K. E. (2020). Urban resilience and green infrastructure systems: Towards a multidimensional evaluation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 44, 42-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.05.001

Downloads

Published

2022-11-23

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 9: Mayo 2022-Octubre 2022

Section

Investigación

License

Copyright (c) 2022 DECUMANUS. REVISTA INTERDISCIPLINARIA SOBRE ESTUDIOS URBANOS

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.