Virtual Leadership Competencies in a Mexican University (UACJ). A quantitative case study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20983/novarua.2023.27.4Keywords:
Virtual leadership, Higher education, SEC modelAbstract
This article examines virtual leadership competencies in the higher education context and its key aspects that impact virtual environments in Mexico. In this sense, one of the major contexts that has dramatically changed is higher education; however, it is worth highlighting that online leadership in universities is still scarce. This work is based on a quantitative method with a descriptive and correlational approach. For this purpose, the E-Competences Model questionnaire was applied to university professors to evaluate their virtual leadership factors and their efficiency in virtual education environment. Findings revealed that moderated correlations have been found in their competences such as e-communications and e-change with e-social, exposing the barely enough labor of leaders, fostering social interaction, as well as e-team with e-technology, showing a regular basis training in using ICT’s. Conclusions intend to propose new strategies for leadership capabilities assessment and its effectiveness on virtual education environments.
References
References
Allen, I. E. y Seaman, J. (2017). Digital learning compass: Distance education enrollment report 2017. Recuperado de: https://onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/digtiallearningcompassenrollment2017.pdf.
Anders, A. (2016). Team communication platforms and emergent social collaboration practices. International Journal of Business Communication, 53(2), 224-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488415627273.
Anthopoulos, L., Siozos, P., y Tsoukalas, I. (2007). Applying participatory design and collaboration in digital public services for discovering and re-designing e-government services. Government Information quarterly, 24(2), 353-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2006.07.018.
Armstrong, D. J., y Cole, P. (2002). Managing distances and differences in geographically distributed work groups. En Hinds, P. y Kiesler, S. (Eds), Diversity in work teams: Research paradigms for a changing workplace (pp.167-186). DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/10189-007.
Avolio, B. J. (2007). Promoting more integrative strategies for leadership theory-building. American psychologist, 62(1), 25-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.25.
Avolio, B. J., y Kahai, S. S. (2003). Adding the “E” to E-leadership: How It May Impact Your Leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), 325-38. Recuperado de: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/89291420/Org_Dynamics_31_2002_Avolio-libre.pdf?1659697949=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DAdding_the_E_to_E_Leadership.pdf&Expires=1701917247&Signature=Hr98qDRRDqrMjlJ-~PKACyR1Hq~Fui0VlklDF5XTRNUMIrvxld1FGlYdt0cCQAzCAduDLTwBd8pUWzLnowwAgRbhdbKEJpNOpPuBfKJRgfIhIIVsPikzhG1qdm~Xu86FSX~A4iqwZteBHO-xq-FMYkBeDh2TUoDCw1756-DyOiigxLjBhpKloTAtw41qTHtVMqLqldOcDdqemYTTTQqo5vT1umGkuhihcAgRPmldMVXt0O6-7r~MD1yI5eVAN69tqObL31TPJfo~iT3MBk77EtGMsd8aaZkg8rtdoe8k7L4TNnqQTJitpuCcyft0LWDSLqaO7jZyi8PL65-TvEhxOw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA.
Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S. y Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 105-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003.
Azderska, T. y Jerman-Blazic, B. (2013). A holistic approach for designing humancentric trust systems. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 26(5), 417-450. DOI:10.1007/s11213-012-9259-3.
Bakar, N. A., Kama, N., y Harihodin S (2016). Enterprise architecture development and implementation in public service: The Malaysian perspective. Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology, 88(1), 176-188.
Bao, W. (2020). COVID‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human behavior and emerging technologies, 2(2), 113-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191.
Barbour, M. K., LaBonte, R., Kelly, K., Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., Bond, A., y Hill, P. (2020). Understanding pandemic pedagogy: Differences between emergency remote, remote, and online teaching. Canadian eLearning Network. Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101905.
Bass, B. M., y Bass, R. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. Simon and Schuster.
Bawany, S. (2019). Leadership 4.0: How ready are you to be a digital leader? Leadership Excellence, 36(2), 28-30.
Beauchamp, G., Hulme, M., Clarke, L., Hamilton, L., y Harvey, J. A. (2021). ‘People miss people:’ A study of school leadership and management in the four nations of the United Kingdom in the early stage of the pandemic. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 49(3), 375-392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220987841.
Bonatti, A. y Horner, J. (2011). Collaborating. American Economic Review, 101. 632-663. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.2.632.
Bryant, N. (2013). Leadership development as a relational process: A grounded theory investigation of leader experiences. Tesis doctoral. The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. Recuperado de: https://www.proquest.com/openview/ddacacf300e14a8241d90901dd45d06d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750.
Bryant, S. M., Albring, S. M., y Murthy, U. (2009). The Effects of Reward Structure, Media Richness and Gender on Virtual Teams. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,10(4), 190-213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2009.09.002.
Caillier, J. G. (2014). Toward a better understanding of the relationship between transformational leadership, public service motivation, mission valence, and employee performance: A preliminary study. Public Personnel Management, 43(2), 218-239. Recuperado de: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1665117205?accountid=35812.
Cascio, W. F. (2000). Managing a virtual workplace. Academy of Management Perspectives, 14(3), 81-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2000.4468068.
Cascio, W. F., y Shurygailo, S. (2003). E-leadership and virtual teams. Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), 362-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(02)00130-4.
Cerny, B. A., y Kaiser, H. F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate behavioral research, 12(1), 43-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1201_3.
Chatterjee, S., Sarker, S. y Siponen, M. (2017). How do mobile ICTs enable organizational fluidity: toward a theoretical framework. Information and Management, 54(1), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.03.007.
Connaughton, S. L., y Daly, J. A. (2004). Identification with leader: A comparison of perceptions of identification among geographically dispersed and co‐located teams. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 9(2), 89-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13563280410534294.
Dahlstrom, T. R. (2013). Telecommuting and Leadership Style. Public Personnel Management, 42(3), 438-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026013495731.
Della Corte, V., Del Gaudio, G., y Sepe, F. (2019). Leadership in the digital realm: What are the main challenges. Digital Leadership-A New Leadership Style for the 21st Century, 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89856.
Dziuban, C. D., Shirkey, E. C., y Peeples, T. O. (1979). An investigation of some distributional characteristics of the measure of sampling adequacy. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 39(3), 543-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447903900304.
Ekmekci, O. (2013). Being there: Establishing instructor presence in an online learning environment. Higher Education Studies, 3(1), 29-38. Recuperado de: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1081361
Fernandez, D. B., y Jawadi, N. (2015). Virtual R&D Project Teams: From E-leadership to Performance. Journal of Applied Research, 31(5), 1693-1708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i5.9384.
Francisco, C. D. C., y Nuqui, A. V. (2020). Emergence of a situational leadership during COVID-19 pandemic called new normal leadership. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 4(10), 15-19. Recuperado de: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED608560.
FTI Consulting (2015). U. S. Postsecondary Faculty in 2015: Diversity in People, Goals and Methods, but Focused on Students. FTI Consulting. Recuperado de: http://postsecondary.gatesfoundation.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/US-postsecondaryFaculty-in-2015.pdf.
Goudy, K. (2015). A qualitative case study of manager trustworthiness of employees in the virtual workplace. Tesis doctoral. Northcentral University. Recuperado de: https://www.proquest.com/openview/b4480d449a11dcc7a076357eb9d7bb7e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750.
Government Business Council (2015). Delivering on Digital Government: A Candid Survey of Federal Managers. Government Business Council. Recuperado de: http://cdn.govexec.com/media/gbc/docs/gbc_accenture_digital_ir_april.pdf.
Greenberg, P. S., Greenberg, R. H., y Antonucci, Y. L. (2007). Creating and sustaining trust in virtual teams. Business horizons, 50(4), 325-333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2007.02.005.
Harris, A., y Jones, M. (2020). COVID-19-school leadership in disruptive times. School Leadership and Management, 40(4), 243-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2020.1811479.
Hertel, G., Konradt, U., y Voss, K. (2006). Competencies for Virtual Teamwork: Development and Validation of a Web-Based Selection Tool for Members of Distributed Teams. Organizational Psychology, 15(4), 477-504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320600908187.
Hill, N., Kang, J., y Seo, M. (2014). The interactive effect of leader–member exchange and electronic communication on employee psychological empowerment and work outcomes. Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), 772-783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.04.006.
Holland, J. B., Malvey, D., y Fottler, M. (2009). Heath care globalization: A need for virtual leadership. The Health Care Manager, 28(2), 117-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HCM.0b013e3181a2cb63.
Huang, R., Kahai, S., y Jestice, R. (2010). The Contingent Effects of Leadership on Team Collaboration in Virtual Teams. Computers in
Human Behavior, 26(5), 1098-1110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.014.
Hunsaker, P. L., y Hunsaker, J. S. (2008). Virtual Teams: A Leader’s Guide. Team Performance Management, 14(1–2), 86-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527590810860221.
Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., y Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 1-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2014.872335.
Johnson, S. K., Bettenhausen, K., y Gibbons, E. (2009). Realities of Working in Virtual Teams: Affective and Attitudinal Outcomes of Using Computer-Mediated Communication. Small Group Research, 40(6), 623-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496409346448.
Kahai, S. S. (2013). Leading in a digital age: What’s different, issues raised, and what we know. Exploring Distance in Leader–Follower Relationships: When Near is Far and Far is Near. Routledge. Recuperado de: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203120637-6/leading-digital-age-different-issues-raised-know-surinder-kahai.
Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second-generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401-415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291817.
Kanawattanachai, P., y Yoo, Y. (2002). Dynamic nature of trust in virtual teams. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11(3-4), 187-213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(02)00019-7.
Khan, S. (2016). Leadership in the digital age - a study on the effects of digitalisation on top management leadership. Tesis de maestría. Stockholm University. Recuperado de: https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:971518/FULLTEXT02.pdf.
Ferry, K. (2019). The self-disruptive leader. Korn Ferry Institute. Recuperado de: https://focus.kornferry.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/KF-Disruptive-Leader-Final-DigitalSpreads_FINAL.pdf.
Lander, J. (2020). The relationship between principals’ pillars of digital leadership aligned values and actions and teacher technology use. Tesis doctoral. St. John's University. Recuperado de: https://www.proquest.com/openview/d1f65f24c6fd35183bcfd67a41ddb374/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
Lareki, A., de Morentin, J. I. M., y Amenabar, N. (2010). Towards an efficient training of university faculty on ICTs. Computers & Education, 54(2), 491-497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.08.032.
Lin, C., Standing, C., y Liu, Y. (2008). A Model to Develop Effective Virtual Teams. Decision Support Systems, 45(4), 1031-1045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2008.04.002.
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A., y Rosen, B. (2007). Leading virtual teams. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(1), 60-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2007.24286164.
Maznevski, M. L., y Chudoba, K. M. (2000). Bridging space over time: Global virtual team dynamics and effectiveness. Organization science, 11(5), 473-492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.5.473.15200.
Moghadam, S. J., y Salamzadeh, A. (2018). Do senior bankers care about entrepreneurial behaviour? case of senior managers of Iranian vanguard banks. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 14(1-2), 271-287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/WREMSD.2018.089065.
Montgomery, V. A. N., Roman, A., y Pierce, S. (2016). The rise and effect of virtual modalities and functions on organizational leadership: Tracing conceptual boundaries along the emanagement and e-leadership continuum. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 12(SI), 102-122. Recuperado de: https://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/view/507.
Nah, F., Lau, J., y Kuang, J. (2001). Critical factors for successful implementation of enterprise systems. Business Process Management Journal, 7(3), 285-296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14637150110392782.
National Association of Elementary School Principals (2020). NAESP releases results of National Survey of principals regarding COVID-19. National Association of Elementary School Principals. Recuperado de: https://www.naesp.org/news/naesp-releases-results-of-national-survey-of-principals-regarding-covid-19/.
Neubauer, R., Tarling, A., y Wade, M. (2017). Redefining leadership for a digital age. Global Center for Digital Business Transformation and meta Beratung GmbH. Recuperado de: https://www.imd.org/globalassets/dbt/docs/redefining-leadership.
Orcutt, J. M., y Dringus, L. P. (2017). Beyond being there: Practices that establish presence, engage students, and influence intellectual curiosity in a structured online learning environment. Online Learning, 21(3), 15-35. Recuperado de: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1154155.
Peart, D. (2014). The relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership behavior in virtual academic leaders. Tesis doctoral. Grand Canyon University. Recuperado de: http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/1528557765?accountid=28180.
Piccoli, G., y Ives, B. (2004). Trust and the unintended effects of behavior control in virtual teams. MIS quarterly, 27(3), 365-395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/30036538.
Pollack, K. (2020). School leaders’ work during the COVID-19 pandemic: A two-pronged approach. International Studies in Education, 48(3), 38-44. Recuperado de: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/edupub/268/.
Precup, L., O Sullivan, D., Cormican, K., y Dooley, L. (2006). Virtual team environment for collaborative research projects. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 3(1), 77-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIL.2006.008181.
Prince, K. A. (2017). Industry 4.0 and leadership. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Electronic Business, 132-139.
Purvanova, R. K., y Bono, J. E. (2009). Transformational leadership in context: Face-to-face and virtual teams. Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 343-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.004.
Ravesteijn, P., y Ongena, G. (2019). The role of E-leadership in relation to IT capabilities and digital transformation. IADIS Proceedings. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guido-Ongena/publication/332370384_The_Role_of_e-Leadership_in_Relation_to_IT_Capabilities_and_Digital_Transformation/links/5cb04903299bf120975f914e/The-Role-of-e-Leadership-in-Relation-to-IT-Capabilities-and-Digital-Transformation.pdf.
Radovic, M., y Salamzadeh, A. (2012). The nature of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial activities. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. Recuperado de: http://ebooks.ien.bg.ac.rs/1008/.
Radovic, M., y Salamzadeh, A. (2018). The importance of communication in business management. 7th International Scientific Conference on Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship. Recuperado de: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3578378.
Rennecker, J., y Derks, D. (2012). Email overload: Fine-tuning the research lens. En Derks, D. y Bakker, A. B. (Eds), The Psychology of Digital Media at Work. Psychology Press. DOI: doi.org/10.4324/9780203074145.
Rogers, D. L. (2016). The digital transformation playbook: Rethink your business for the digital age. Colombia University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/roge17544.
Roman, A. V. (2019). Defining e‐leadership as competence in ICT‐mediated communications: an exploratory assessment. Public Administration Review, 79(6), 853-866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12980.
Roy, S. (2012). Virtual collaboration: The skills needed to collaborate in a virtual environment. Journal of Internet Social Networking & Virtual Communities, 2012, 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5171/2012.629512.
Rusman, E., Van Bruggen, J., Sloep, P., y Koper, R. (2010). Fostering Trust in Virtual Teams: Towards a Design Framework Grounded in Trustworthiness Antecedents. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 689(11), 834-50.
Salamzadeh, A. (2018). Start-up boom in an emerging market: A niche market approach. En Khajeheian, D., Friedrichsen, M. y Mödinger, W. (Eds.), Competitiveness in emerging markets (pp. 233-243). Springer. Recuperado de: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-71722-7.
Savolainen, T. (2014). Trust-building in e-leadership: A case study of leaders' challenges and skills in technology-mediated interaction. Journal of Global Business Issues, 8(2), 45-56. Recuperado de: https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=ddb2c6a3-386f-4ce0-b07b-16d28b5ab95a%40redis.
Snellman, C. (2014) Virtual teams: Opportunities and challenges for e-leaders. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 110, 1251-1261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.972.
The Economist Intelligence Unit (2017). Building leaders without silos. The Economist. Recuperado de: https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/strategy-leadership/building-leaders-without-silos/whitepaper/building-leaders-without-silos.
University of Virginia & Boston Consulting Group (2018). In Digital Transformation. Coursera. Recuperado de: https://www.coursera.org/learn/bcg-uva-darden-digital-transformation.
U. S. Digital Service (2016). U. S. Digital Services Playbook. U.S. Digital service. Recuperado de: https://digital.gov/.
Varela, D. G., y Fedynich, L. (2020). Leading schools from a social distance: Surveying South Texas school district leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic. National Forum of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 38(4), 1-10. Recuperado de: http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Varela,%20daniella%20Surveying%20South%20Texas%20School%20District%20Leadership%20NFEASJ%20V38%20N4%202020.pdf.
Wang, J., Tian, J., y Shen, Z. (2013). The Effects and Moderators of Cyberloafing Controls: An Empirical Study of Chinese Public Servants. Information Technology Management, 14(4), 269-82. Recuperado de: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10799-013-0164-y.
Wildman, J. L., y Griffith, R. L. (Eds.). (2014). Leading global teams: Translating multidisciplinary science to practice. Springer. Recuperado de: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4939-2050-1.
Williams, T., Layne, M., y Ice, P. (2014). Online faculty perceptions on effective faculty mentoring: A qualitative study. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 17(2), 1-19. Recuperado de: https://ojdla.com/archive/summer172/Williams_Layne_Ice172.pdf.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nestor Daniel Varela Medina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All contents of the electronic edition of the journal are distributed under a license and distribution "Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International" (CC-BY-NC-SA). You can see from here the informative version of the license.
Those authors/publications as having this journal agree to the following terms:
a) Is allowed and recommends authors / as disseminate their work via the Internet (p. eg .: institutional telematic files or on their website), which can produce interesting exchanges and increase appointments of the published work. (See The Effect of Open Access).